The Best in Brain Imaging an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

The Best in Brain Imaging For years, brain imaging techniques had been developed since the time when human organs and skeletons were seen using X-ray, many doctors understood the need to identify and see inside the body without any surgical procedure done. X-rays were launched to display either two dimensional or three dimensional views of any part of the body. The tool known as Computerized Tomography or CT was the most popular imaging technique not until Magnetic Resonance Imaging or MRI came into the scene. It seemed that nothing could bit CT procedure and only those who believed in the potential of MRI had foreseen the possibilities of it being powerful than any other diagnostic techniques used to display pictures inside the body. It is capable of giving information about the condition of the tissues and organs of the body. It has more benefits than other methods, providing the details regarding the form and present status of the part being monitored. MRI figures out the defect in every detail that cannot be detected by CT scans. It shows that it is the best imaging method for distinguishing tumors in the brain and is also used to examine the role of the human brain by monitoring mental processes. It is used for detecting fractures in the spinal cord too. This method is installed and used in almost all hospitals all over the world and a trusted method by surgeons and doctors. For the past years now with the fast improvements done, MRI has come to be the preference for many applications. Need essay sample on "The Best in Brain Imaging" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed MRI technique is based on the use of magnetic fields and radio waves. It was discovered by Edward Purcell and Felix Bloch in 1952. This method creates 2D or 3D brain pictures without the use of radioactive tracers. When undergoing MRI, a magnetic field is developed in the patients head by the use of a cylindrical magnet where radio waves are being sent. The inflicted magnetic field then produces a radio frequency. These frequencies are read by sensors that will help in producing an image using a computer. The sensors are so exact that it can monitor any transformation in the structure. The use of MRI can help in projecting the image of the structure even its tiniest anatomic aspect. Scanners of MRI can show any angle of the patient inside. The advantage of MRI is that it does not use any radioactive material and X-rays. It gives thorough information of the brain in different angles and dimensions. It is safe to use and no pain at all. It also does not have any requirement before undergoing the procedure. This means that the patient can drink or eat before the process. A patient with metallic tool inside the body cannot use MRI. Students Very Often Tell EssayLab writers: Who wants to write essay for me? Our Brst Writers Recommend: Get Help In Writing An Essay Essay Paper Writing Service Cheap Custom Writing Service Writing Services College Essay Writing Service Magnetic resonance before was a device used to determine molecular structure. It required magnetic fields that are very consistent to expose everything in the model all in the same field. It took years before it was realized that inconsistent magnetic fields can be used to produce pictures. The development of the imaging technique was done considering the fact that varying magnetic fields can be used rather than the uniform ones. Every part in the sample has its own magnetic field that characterizes its position. With this development, connecting the atomic nuclei to the position of the sample, and constructing it using a program, a three dimensional picture was examined in any angle using a monitor. This method became the start of an imaging technique (Feeney J.). The advantage of MRI is that the image contrast can be varied controllably. Some procedures using MRI can improve the feature of the blood like when doing examinations in the brain tissue. The MRI method is powerful for st udying diseases in the brain. MRI technique gained more popularity when it was discovered to observe in a safe way the behavior of medicines and some treatments. The risks of undergoing radiation examinations such as in X-rays are now very important issues to consider especially when continuous examinations are needed. MRI is a good method for doing such tests. A good example to be thought of is person with multiple sclerosis. The defects in the brain and in the spine are easily monitored and detected by the MRI pictures taken from the patients. Recent tests conducted to people with multiple sclerosis uses MRI brain scanning after interferon, a protein coming from the immune system. This process is done every four to six weeks as part of the tests conducted to reduce the activity of the disease for patients treated using interferon (Feeney J.). Many MRI equipments are used for research and educating hospitals. Although CT scanning is still dominant in common applications, MRI pictures are now being requested for images of soft tissues. There are major medical applications where in MRI images are needed such as scanning the brain for patients that are suspected to have encephalitis. Other applications where MRI is very useful are those injuries in the bones. MRI pictures can give exact place and nature of the defect thereby making sure that the right treatment is applied the soonest possible time. Another recent development in MRI is the functional MRI. This method examines the mind by doing stimulations in the brain through the sensory or perceptive side. The transformations that occurred matched to the precise part in the brain. Functional MRI is used to study the fundamental processes that the brain does and it will help in explaining the changes occurring in the formation of the memory (Schiffman). An example is the reac tion of the brain after seeing light and the actions it has done and a simple gesture like moving the fingers. These movements have precise equivalent in the perceptive side of the brain. The improvements done in MRI have gained acceptance over the years especially in the medical field. It is expected that continuous attempts to improve will eventually make it possible to scan the whole body in just a few minutes. MRI is a good technique used as a guide for some internal surgeries. Patients with brain damage and needs to be examined thoroughly benefits a lot from this technique. MRI gives exact and accurate photos of the parts being scanned and can do variations in the contrast unlike other scanning methods. Some studies make an effort to make more flexible equipments wherein the patient does not have to go inside the cylindrical magnet. The potential of MRI have already been proven through years of continuous study and the developments done. MRI scanners are now offered n many hospitals all over the world. Reference: Leslie G. Ungerleider. Functional Brain Imaging Studies of Cortical Mechanisms for Memory. Science 3 November 1995: Vol. 270. no. 5237, pp. 769 - 775 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ Feeney J. (1996). Magnetic Resonance Imaging - A Window into the Human Body Schiffman H.R (2001). Sensation and Perception An Integrated Approach 5th Ed. Rutgers, The State University. Pp. 151-158

Chi-Globalization Example

Chi Chi Chiglobalization Chiglobalization is the gradual increase in global influence, global presence, global relevance, as well as global leadership of China aimed at generating a renewed global vision for humanity, in creating a new model aimed at enhanced economic development, and creating a truly cosmopolitan culture in China (Guo identifying weaknesses in the process and making recommendations on how to solve these weaknesses.vii. Finally will be concluding by remarking how successful the entire Chiglobalization process has been in improving the social, economic processes, and liberalization of infrastructure in China as influenced by Chiglobalization. The above elements will offer a holistic view in understanding ChiglobalizationWork CitedGuo Sujian and Guo Baogang, Greater China in an Era of Globalization, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2010.

Planning in Organisation for Creative Workforce Essay

Planning in Organisation for Creative Workforce - Essay Example This suggests that most of the organisations fail to utilise its workforce due to lack of planning leading to employee dissatisfaction. An employee who does not find any motivation into the job he performs, learns nothing out of the routine work, is not rewarded for any outstanding performance, and sees no challenge in his job is less likely to be motivated to work enthusiastically and perform at his best. Bramham (1987) propounds the most important aim of human resource planning in an organisation to foresee future need for employees not only in quantitative terms but also in qualitative manner such as the skills, calibre, performance and attitude required for particular types of jobs. Dessler (1999, p2) says that human resource management is all about devising policies and strategies for the employees working in the organisation. It includes selecting, training, evaluating, appreciating and providing convenient working environment for the employees. It shows that planning for creative workforce is very crucial for the survival and success of an organisation. The organisations use planning to select the kind of personnel it needs, motivate them and retain them towards future enhancement of organisational objectives. The organisations plan to realise organisational needs for workforce in future and take calculated steps to retain its employee through various means. In fact, human resource planning does not only enable an organisation to retain its employees but also to 'treasure' them so that they can gain more creative and efficient workforce. The use of planning by organisation to gain more creative workforce... Planning is the most important aspect of organisational management. Workforce planning is the key to acquire the kind of people the organisation needs and to retain them through various motivating factors such as salary, promotion, job security, learning opportunities, performance appraisals etc. It shows the criticality of organisational planning concerning human resource. Every organisation needs to plan in a proactive manner the labour needs that will arise in future. It will ensure that the organisation strives to attain the employees with suitable skills and attitude to train them for upcoming change. In this way, the organisation will have the 'right team' prepared for challenges when the time actually comes. Mullins (1996) maintains that human resource planning if done in an efficacious manner can enable the organisation to take imperative steps for the enhancement of employee productivity level at the right possible time. It assists the organisation in meeting all the necessary human resource requirements from hiring to firing in a systematic way. This reflects that human resource planning makes an organisation realise the factors undermining the productivity and calibre of its employees keeping them from achieving organisational objectives before it becomes too late. Most of the organisations do not actually plan to acquire highly qualified and skilled labour force, but most often to retain the employees on whom the organisation has already exerted substantial money and time. It mirrors that organisation will risk the creativity of its workforce if it does not properly plan for the development of its employees. Mathis (1997, p314) suggests that, â€Å"development can be thought of bringing about capacities that go beyond those required by the current job†¦As such, it benefits both the organisation and the individual’s career†.

Sales Planning and Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Sales Planning and Operations - Essay Example 3-(b) Devise appropriate recruitment and selection procedures of a sales person into any organization. In your answer you should cover job description and personnel specifications, sources of recruitments, interview preparation, interview techniques, selection and appointment. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 3-(d)-Describe two techniques used to co-ordinate and control sales output. To answer the question adequately you should note how an organization uses different the techniques (examples- budget, performance target, appraisals by superior, self-development plans) in controlling sales output†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 4-(a)-Identify and give three examples of the differences in the nature of sales tasks and skills in a variety of contexts. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 The types of personal selling emerge from the environment in which the selling task takes places. It can be over-the-counter selling, field selling or telemarketing selling. Elaboration on all different types is as follows: Over-the-Counter selling- this environment is managed by two kinds of salespeople- order takers and order getters. The former is entrusted with maintaining the relationship after the customer has made the purchase while the latter is a traditional salesperson collecting leads, contacting prospective buyers, making presentations and closing the deals. The follow up section again shifts to the order taker after the deal is closed. The skills required for the two vary with respect to the activities they perform. Order getters are required to be more informed, creative and presentable to turn a proposition favourable while order takers have to be more routinised and aware of the buying habits of existing customers (Ingram et al. 2008). Field selling- field selling task is undertaken by four kinds of

Irish Ferries Strategic Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Irish Ferries Strategic Management - Case Study Example 1.4 PESTLE Analysis: Political No adverse legislation in Ireland/ EU. Adverse legislations not expected in future. Possibility of government subsidies to some routes in future. Future legislation in foreign countries could benefit local ferries. The company operates in peaceful zone; threat due to war and conflict is minimal. Inter-country relationships are generally supportive; no major threat expected. Economic Global economic situation is adverse. Effect is less severe in EU; situation could improve in 18 months. This could be an opportunity as users may prefer low cost ferries, which benefits Irish Ferries. The customer segment varies from general industrial cargo to leisure travel; as such, business risk is diversified. Taxation rates are mostly uniform across EU; double taxation avoidance treaty amongst most countries. However, differences exist in VAT rates; can be minimized by setting up a multi-national corporation structure. Interest and exchange rate differences between EU countries (European Central Bank). Social Roll-in roll-out segment promotes the trend of travelling with cars. Consumer attitudes/ opinions and media views positive. Established low cost plus quality brand image; "Best Ferry Company" eight years in a row. Management style/ work culture of the company is professional. Technological The company has invested heavily state-of-the-art vessels. The company provides web-based booking option to leverage sales. Future bridge/ under water tunnel between Ireland England is a threat. Technological advancement in operational aspects can generate more value. Strategic tie-up with partners to enable seamless travel between Ireland and EU. Legal Changes in laws can affect business. However, no adverse laws...It has invested over 500 million (Irish Ferries 2) in new fleet and port facilities, and has the most modern fleet in Europe. The fleet includes the Ulysses (world's largest car ferry), the Dublin Swift (high speed catamaran), the Isle of Inishmore, and the luxurious Oscar Wilde. During 2007, Irish Ferries carried 1.57 million passengers, and 405,000 cars with a total number of 4,289 sailings. For eight years in a row, Irish Ferries has been voted Ireland's "Best Ferry Company". Its motto is "The Low Fares Ferry Company", reflecting its determination to offer customers the very best value ferry fares. Taxation rates are mostly uniform across EU; double taxation avoidance treaty amongst most countries. However, differences exist in VAT rates; can be minimized by setting up a multi-national corporation structure. The company sources services from several suppliers, whose collective bargaining power is not expected to be high. The company also sources high quality shipping equipment and spares from suppliers. Since these equipments (and especially spares) can be sourced only from limited sources, suppliers would posses some bargaining power. The overall bargaining power of suppliers is Medium-Low. The customers are not organized in groups, and are not expected to have strong col

Iq Tests Not Accurate Measure Of Persons Intelligence Psychology Essay

Iq Tests Not Accurate Measure Of Persons Intelligence Psychology Essay The subject of intelligence is a very contentious area of psychology, as an outcome of warmed argument on the components and determinants for several distinct grades of intelligence. Even then, as persons considered and argued, as not a good way to consider the proficiency of persons, or biased supportive those from distinct communal strata so, to start this consideration, we should gaze at the contentious topics and discover both edges of the topic and the inquiry we start with: Why is the delineation and estimation of intelligence to conceive a problem? (Ciarrochi, J, et al 2001) The concept that we can assess human intelligence in the written check method is usually advised the first two psychologists were presented in 1904, Binet and Simon, who were requested to conceive tests to recognize young children who may require added support from by the school scheme because of smaller intelligence quotient (IQ). By 1905, the first test was set up and prepared to be accomplished by a little experiment of students. Tests were then reconsidered for some years, and numerous other trials were chosen to take part in the standardization method (SP). (Ciarrochi, J, et al 2001) AP was initially conceived to assess the intelligence of young children under the age of 16 years, although, when the report come to America of tests, a psychologist at Stanford University, started to modify and acclimatize the inquiries in the test, in order that by 1960, they could not only test of U.S. scholars but the topics were junior than 18 years. The tests have assisted in the 70s and 80s, and extend to be acclimatized, and now an IQ test can be utilized to test the so-called understanding, extending from 2years to 23 years and 11months vintage, which coincidentally is my age time of this writing. Because of the engagement of Stanford University in the development of these tests, the test is now broadly renowned as the Stanford-Binet test. However, there are numerous inquiries and arguments that enclose these and any other kinds of intelligence / proficiency tests, acknowledging their validity, reliability and neutrality in this matter. History In the past, IQ tests have been glimpsed as a way to differentiate who might be the human right to work on the part of employers, although, it was verified that they can only actually assist find workers for certain work, if it entails many of employed papers and what is educated in school. (Fitness, J. 2000) A study undertook on the validity of the tests IQ (Ghiselli, 1966) displayed that there is a association between the supple dough and work capability / achievement amidst brokers (as it is in require, learned ability), while there was little to no association for those applying the policeman (which needs less learned ability). IQ tests are, thus, stay the best signs of how the taught persons who are fundamentally what they were initially conceived for anyway. Perhaps the most widespread condemnation of testing IQ, is that most of them only to contrast two or three distinct localities of thoughtful features, for example mathematical, spatial perception (to some extent), and syntax, but since there is no clear delineation or exact intelligence the inquiry arises: How can you have intelligence test when you manage not understand precisely what to check? Gardners idea of multiple intelligences back up this condemnation, and he recognized eight localities in which a individual may have a certain allowance of proficiency, which makes to interpret one-by-one dissimilarities rather well. It supposes that every individual has a certain amount: linguistic understanding, melodious understanding, mathematical / ordered understanding, spatial understanding, bodily-kinesthetic understanding, interpersonal understanding, intrapersonal understanding, and has lately supplemented a naturalistic intelligence (pattern acknowledgement and classification of na tural objects). If the idea is correct Gardner, intelligence tests, it is conspicuous shortcomings, because it can not verify the natural forces for example agility movements or linguistic skills. Fitness, J. 2000) It is furthermore worth noting that intelligence tests manage not account for the reality of an idiot, researchers and those who are adept only in certain localities, but are not intelligent, while Gardners idea takes them as smart in those exact areas. He contends that those who contradict with his concepts of multiple intelligences just shocked about going away from the concept of normalized tests, and that the linguistic, melodious, and kinesthetic natural forces just talent. Gardner acquiesces with the concept that these districts may easily be the gifts , and exclusive ordered or mathematical natural forces, is furthermore identified as just a talent. In short, the idea for example Gardner interrogated the end of the normalized intelligence tests. Fitness, J. 2000) Its not just the activity that casts question on Test IQ; reliability should be taken into account. For demonstration, some IQ tests are timed to test the pace with which persons can gaze at and explain problems; although, this begs the inquiry, and can the malfunction to entire testing in time for an individual IQ? And what if he is a personal other than psychological difficulty, which hinders pace test man? Older persons, for demonstration, may bear from age-related difficulties for example arthritis or heart difficulties, which are generally slow down some, but not inevitably sway the brain, but if they were inquired to take timed IQ test that they can not get a outcome that reflects the their thoughtful abilities. (Mayne, T. et, al 2001) Criticism Another locality of condemnation over the test IQ is culture-fair test of the consideration, which takes into account the kinds of inquiries that are put to the test. Any verbal inquiries of method, even if they are converted into distinct dialects, generally heritage biased and thus the best way to remedy this position is to conceive inquiries that use the types and realize the matters, the method, but even they occasionally favor one kind of heritage over another, and it is effectively unrealistic to conceive a absolutely heritage free test. (Mayne, T. et, al 2001) The next locality of condemnation is well renowned consideration of environment, which works with effectively all localities of psychology, which habitually has powerful support from both edges, and the concept of the steadiness of intelligence in particular. They state that the natural human brain can not be altered, and that we should just use what we are born with. (Mayne, T. et, al 2001) If we gaze at the tests IQ, as Binet, and Gardners idea of multiple intelligences, we can glimpse that both of these ideas are inclined to support the environment edge of the argument, and while Gardner will gaze at diverse intelligence and gifts, it does not signify that an individual can discover to intelligence. Sternberg (1985), and his Triarchic idea of intelligence (STS) manage not acquiesce with that, and whereas he accepts that there may be diverse types of understanding, it supposes that there are only actually three constituents of understanding, the context of the intelligence, know-ho w and intelligence. Component utilized to interpret the learned edge of the mind, cognitive answer to the difficulty, and the likelihood of processing information. Cherniss, C. Adler, M. (2000) Contextual endeavors to interpret the proficiency to acclimatize to distinct positions, or heritage natural environment, often mentioned to as Street-Smart, and the know-how of one-by-one intelligence is the proficiency to come by abilities and make it routine. Sternberg accepts as factual intelligence is the number of abilities that can support and not many of built-in purposes that can not be changed. He furthermore evolved diverse types of test that values his idea, and the pace with which persons can come by and request new ability is called: Sternberg Multidimensional Abilities Test. The outcomes of this test will assist persons glimpse where they require enhancement and can be much more helpful to participants in the method than IQ. Sternberg finally supposes that intelligence can be advanced, and there are several deductions to support his theory. There were two very contentious study and publications, although, which not only manage not acquiesce with the rudimentary values of the idea of Sternbergs, but furthermore annoyed because they were released. The first publication, which was presumed to lead to a gigantic warmed argument round the world, that the released Jenson (1969), who said that the homeland of source of the Black tallied on mean 15 points smaller than white people. Cherniss, C. Adler, M. (2000) He proposed that this was mostly due to genetic and very dark persons that, though, may have been a factor; the major cause is the heritability of intelligence. The next part of publications that has initiated so much disturbance when it was issued was a curve to Herrnstein Murray (1994), which is reliable with investigations Jenson, and furthermore shows that those of smaller thoughtful proficiency, as a direct, directs a hard life, is more probable will not be sufficient, the parents themselves, and furthermore more probable to turn to drink, pharmaceuticals and crime. Although these facts highly contentious and democratically incorrect, some points that are probable to be factual, and may to some span, interprets why persons find themselves in that place, but it will only be unquestionable if the two components manage not play a gigantic part of the one-by-one intelligence level, heritage, persons are revealed, and the detail that intelligence is not repaired, and that there are numerous investigations that display of support for such assertions. Test that Jenson made very dark and white topics in 1969 was no question a heritage bias in the direction of white topics, due to the grade of welfare and learning that each assembly was exposed to earlier. Further investigations displayed that very dark young children who were taken up by a prosperous white family, and were exposed to the identical grade of learning displayed an boost in evaluation with the grade of intelligence of young children, alike genetic background. Illustration Adoption investigations for example these are often a powerful contention supportive the formation of edge considerations, but at the last locality of anxiety in the environment / nurture argument theme of eugenics. Eugenics is a concept conceived by Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911), who was involved in the achievement of British breeders who breeds power and best canines simultaneously, and conceived many of distinct options. (Leible, T., Snell, W.E., Jr. 2002) He determined to start a action, examined the likelihood of dropping awful persons from the good society to get persons to type with those who have good features and attributes that are very ill, even the proposal of the 19th 100 years, and it was shortly closed down because persons determined to type for love, not genes. Nevertheless, the period eugenics was conceived, and possibly most applicable demonstration of eugenics in the annals of limitations of the Immigration Act (1924), which was taken up in America, President Coo lidge, who was said to have declared: America should be American, as he marked the bill; In this day of eugenics, as is renowned, won one of the greatest technical racist assaults in American history.

Negotiations to End Apartheid Essay -- South Africa Apartheid Essays

Ethnic races in South Africa, have always been highly disproportionate with Africans being the overwhelming majority and the whites the minority. The ratio of races has not changed much over the years. Today, South Africa (which is twice the size of Texas) is home to some 50-million people; 79.5% African, 11.5% Coloured and Indian/Asian and 9% are white ("South Africa's population," 2012.) Not unlike many European countries, South Africa has a history dating back to the 1600’s that is rooted in crimes against humanity. However, South Africa was one of the few countries that created formal laws to endorse full-blown racism. The term â€Å"apartheid† directly translated from its Afrikaans origin means â€Å"separateness,† and absolute separation of rights, based on race, is what the laws of apartheid embodied. Through a brief recap of South African historical events, it is evident that native Africans have been treated as less than humane for centuries. The laws that governed slaves (known as Tulbagh Slave Code), dates back to 1753, and includes such laws as: curfews that required slaves to carry passes; slaves were forbidden to make any noise at night, including singing or whistling; slaves could not converse on the streets of Cape Town; and should they revolt in any manner perceived as violent, they were put to death (Mountain, 2005). Although its title changed, the practices of slavery continued in South Africa until 1994. Documented negotiations to end slavery can be seen as early as the 1893 when Mohandas (Mohatma) Ghandi began his crusade against racism known as â€Å"Satyagraha.† Although considered â€Å"war without violence†, Ghandi’s 1908 campaign stirred the Indian nation to protest en-mass by burning their passes. These acti... ..., A. (2005). An unsung heritage: Perspectives on slavery. Claremont, South Africa: New Africa Books. Reynolds, A. (2005). Reserved Seats in National Legislatures: A Research Note. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 30(2), 301-310. South Africa. (2012). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555568/South- Africa/260110/Resistance-to-apartheid South africa's new era; transcript of mandela's speech at cape town city hall. (1990, February 12). The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/12/world/south-africa-s-new-era-transcript- mandela-s-speech-cape-town-city-hall-africa-it.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm South African Government, Brand South Africa. (2012). South africa's population. Retrieved from Big Media Publishers website: http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/population.htm Negotiations to End Apartheid Essay -- South Africa Apartheid Essays Ethnic races in South Africa, have always been highly disproportionate with Africans being the overwhelming majority and the whites the minority. The ratio of races has not changed much over the years. Today, South Africa (which is twice the size of Texas) is home to some 50-million people; 79.5% African, 11.5% Coloured and Indian/Asian and 9% are white ("South Africa's population," 2012.) Not unlike many European countries, South Africa has a history dating back to the 1600’s that is rooted in crimes against humanity. However, South Africa was one of the few countries that created formal laws to endorse full-blown racism. The term â€Å"apartheid† directly translated from its Afrikaans origin means â€Å"separateness,† and absolute separation of rights, based on race, is what the laws of apartheid embodied. Through a brief recap of South African historical events, it is evident that native Africans have been treated as less than humane for centuries. The laws that governed slaves (known as Tulbagh Slave Code), dates back to 1753, and includes such laws as: curfews that required slaves to carry passes; slaves were forbidden to make any noise at night, including singing or whistling; slaves could not converse on the streets of Cape Town; and should they revolt in any manner perceived as violent, they were put to death (Mountain, 2005). Although its title changed, the practices of slavery continued in South Africa until 1994. Documented negotiations to end slavery can be seen as early as the 1893 when Mohandas (Mohatma) Ghandi began his crusade against racism known as â€Å"Satyagraha.† Although considered â€Å"war without violence†, Ghandi’s 1908 campaign stirred the Indian nation to protest en-mass by burning their passes. These acti... ..., A. (2005). An unsung heritage: Perspectives on slavery. Claremont, South Africa: New Africa Books. Reynolds, A. (2005). Reserved Seats in National Legislatures: A Research Note. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 30(2), 301-310. South Africa. (2012). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555568/South- Africa/260110/Resistance-to-apartheid South africa's new era; transcript of mandela's speech at cape town city hall. (1990, February 12). The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/12/world/south-africa-s-new-era-transcript- mandela-s-speech-cape-town-city-hall-africa-it.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm South African Government, Brand South Africa. (2012). South africa's population. Retrieved from Big Media Publishers website: http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/population.htm

American Colonies Relations with Britian

Colten Redmond Mr. Smith AP US History 2 October 2012 DBQ: British and American Colonies Relations The French and Indian war affected the relations between the British and the American colonies through political turmoil, economical debt leading to strict taxation, and ideological differences which increased colonial violence. These sources of anger and resentment created a permanent gap between Britain and the American Colonies that would eventually lead to a brutal revolution.The French lost the entirety of their North American possessions after the French and Indian War, which led to numerous new possessions for the British (Doc A). The British and American colonies political views differed greatly because of the effect of salutary neglect. The colonies were not accustomed to direct taxation or strict governing rules. The Proclamation of 1763 was one of the first forms of direct control imposed by the British. The proclamation called for a movement of all settlers to stay east of t he Appalachian Mountains.Many settlers ignored the proclamation, but nevertheless, it began a short era of direct control under the British. The British council determined that the American colonies needed to be taxed in order to raise revenue and regulate trade (Doc F). The council’s motives led to direct taxes on the colonies such as the Sugar Act, Currency Act, and Stamp Act. Benjamin Franklin attempted to represent the colonies in London as he partook in the repeal of the Stamp Act (Doc G). He wrote letters to John Highs, detailing his efforts to repeal the act and the dire need for the colonies to stay firm and loyal towards the crown.Many colonists did not waver from their loyalty towards the British Crown, such as Reverend Thomas Barnard. In one of his man sermons to Massachusetts, Barnard emphasizes how their mother country had protected them from turmoil and how she should be honored and served for her great services (Doc E). The differing political views were beginn ing to cause friction among many colonists, leading to rash decisions. The Boston Massacre, although overly emphasized in many accounts, sparked violence throughout the colonies. These cts of violence were a direct result of the Quartering Act, Declatory Act, and Townshend Acts. The Boston Tea Party was used to boycott the British after the Tea Act, and this became the final act of opposition by the colonists before Britain imposed Marshall Law. The Intolerable Acts were a punishment for the colonies after the Boston Tea Party, and it imposed Marshall Law, curfews, the closing of Boston Harbor, and the revocation of the Massachusetts charter. All of these forms of control by the British caused growing political differences and overall turmoil for both sides.The French and Indian war was not only political, but it offered a great deal of land wealth for the British. Chief Canasatego of the Onondaga Nation, who represented the Iroquois Confederacy, stated that the lands of his people were becoming more valuable to the white man (Doc B). This value attracted British officers, such as George Washington, to the scene of the war. Washington stated his desire to serve under General Braddock, due to the fame and prestige he could attain from the campaign (Doc C).The colonists, specifically those from Massachusetts, were employed under the British Crown, though their conditions were debilitating. They spoke of their denied Englishmen’s rights and the opposition under British control (Doc D). All of this culminated into a desire for economical wealth and prosperity. The war would ultimately rob the British of their wealth which led to direct taxation of the colonists in order to replenish it. The British saw the taxes as a source of revenue for repaying the war debt; however, this angered the colonists and led to strong opposition.The Stamp Act, which was a tax on all documents, led to the creation of the Stamp Act Congress. The colonists also organized into the Sons of Liberty and began to boycott the British. The ability to boycott was detrimental to the British because it rendered there taxes virtually useless. The economical debt sustained by the British was the main factor in the strict taxation of the colonists. The ideological differences between the American colonies and Britain caused anger and violence throughout the colonies.The American colonies wished to be self-independent and were content with salutary neglect. When Britain increased their direct control over the colonies, it caused resentment and rebellion. The colonies had settled into a systematic set of ideas and concepts that shaped their daily lives, while the British uprooted those ideas by their sudden forms of control. The colonies tried to express their anger towards the British Stamp Act through their newspapers. Then newspapers expressed that they had to go out of business due to the actual cost of producing the newspaper leaving them moneyless (Doc H).The colonie s began to severely question the motives of the British and whether these extreme taxes were actually alleviating their debt at all. The political turmoil, economical debt mingled with strict taxation, and ideological differences created an air of resentment for the British within the American Colonies. This resentment and anger led to the brutal American Revolution. The mistakes of the British were also specifically outlined during the creation of our Constitution, which secured the ideals and motives of the American Colonies.

Death Penalty Against essays

Death Penalty Against essays Millions to Kill, Pennies to Heal The human life is the most valuable resource on this planet. I ask why we must continue the chain of hate with legalized murder. We must accept the fact that there are people on this earth that live amongst us that do not value their own lives. This is a horrible thought; everyone should love themselves and believe in his or her self worth. This is something very difficult to do when your governing body is throwing away lives like they are worthless. It is the governments job to protect us from cold blooded murders, but no one said anything about having to kill them. These horrible people are safely behind bars doing their life sentences where they can do no one any harm. In Edward I. Kochs essay Death and Justice: How Capital Punishment Affirms Life he takes the commonly heard arguments and responds to them. The problem with this is he fails to make his argument on many key issues having to do with the death penalty. There is no perfect way to kill a person. This is something that Edward I. Koch admits to in his essay. The reason for this is because human beings were not created to kill each other. They werent meant to die by each others hand. Why do we feel that it is our job to bring about justice? Who are we to play God? Koch uses a very inappropriate metaphor by comparing the death penalty to cancer. In this comparison he says: Ultimately we may learn how to cure cancer with a simple pill. Unfortunately, that day has not arrived. Today we are faced with the choice of letting the cancer (murderers) spread or trying to cure it with the methods available, methods that someday will almost certainly be considered barbaric. (Koch, 624) By saying this Koch is making the wrong assumption that the death penalty prevents murders. This is something that is completely untrue and has no factual backing. The death penalty lives ...

Maggie Marketing and Business

Maggie Marketing and Business Maggie: Marketing and Business-level Strategic Planning Essay Global Business Strategy Week10 Business-level Strategic Planning Learning Objectives Types of business-level strategies – Porter’s typology – Miles & Snow’s typology – Product life cycle Business-level strategic planning – Value-chain – Strategy clock Week 10 2 Porter’s Competitive Strategies Overall cost leadership – Supply the same product or service at a lower unit cost than competitors Differentiation – Supply a product or service of which one or more attributes are perceived as more valuable Focus – Target certain types of products for certain customer groups or regions Week 10 3 Cost-leadership Cost leader can be obtained through economies of scale simpler product design lower input costs efficient organisational process Case: IKEA simple, high-quality Scandinavian design (cost-saving in product design) buying offices in 45 countries (cost-saving in inputs) knock-down furniture kits (cost-saving in assembling and delivering) huge suburban stores (cost-saving in warehousing) customer self-service with tape measures, pens and notepaper (cost-saving in staffing) Week 10 4 Differentiation Differentiation brings competitive advantage meet the buyer needs in a unique manner create the higher perceived value and able to charge a higher price quality differentiation Rolex customer service Singapore Airlines value-for-money Fisher and Paykel, Mark and Spencer brand image Coca-Cola, Calvin and Klein Week 10 5 Focus focus strategy brings competitive advantage match the features of specific products to the needs of specific customer groups geographic region ethnicity purchasing power tastes cost focus and differentiation focus Week 10 6 Stuck in the middle Firms with no clear generic business strategy high Differentiation or low-cost strategy Focus strategy profitability Stuck in the middle low low market share Week 10 high 7 Miles & Snow’ Typology (1) Prospector – – – – Risk-taking Growth oriented Aggressively seek markets and opportunities Entrepreneurial style of management defender – – – – Protect current markets Maintain stable growth Serve existing customers Emphasize efficiency over innovation Week 10 8 Miles & Snow’ Typology (2) Analyzer – Protect current market share + create market opportunities – Seek balance between: Efficiency and innovation Risk-avoidance and risk-taking Control and flexibility Reactor – No consistent approach – React to environmental changes – Compared to prospector: Drifts with events vs. seek out opportunities Wait to be influenced/changed vs. influence/change the industry Week 10 9 Product Life Cycle (PLC) introduction growth mature decline Market growth Low High Low to moderate Negative Competition Low Increasing Intense Changing Overall objective Market awareness Create consumer demand Defend market Consolidate, share maintain or exit Sales and marketing Production efficiency Major functional R&D concern Week 10 General management and finance 10 Strategies based on PLC prospector analyzer defender reactor differentiation low cost low cost focus differentiation Week 10 11 Business-level Strategic Planning: value chain Organization Infrastructure Human Resources Information Systems Material Management support inbound logistics production outbound logistics Week 10 marketing & sales service 12 Value-added Analysis: sporting shoe industry Value-added 17 3 30 50 component manufacturing assembling wholesale retail 35% 30% 15% 100 10% cost Week 10 13 The smiling curve Week 10 14 Business-level Strategic

How online retailing satisfy the needs of hedonic and utilitarian Essay

How online retailing satisfy the needs of hedonic and utilitarian customers - Essay Example According to standard economic theory, consumers are known for maximization of utility driven by cognitive values. However, emotional desires can at times direct functional motives in the process of choosing products. Goods are often chosen and consumed at times for purposes of pleasure hence making consumers achieve some instrumental purpose. Such are categorized as; luxuries and necessities, hedonic and utilitarian goods, affect-rich and affect-poor products. The major distinction used on goods is based on necessity and luxury items, where necessary items are considered essential for minimum standard of living. Conversely, luxurious items focus on providing condition of abundance, pleasure as well as comfort. Hedonic versus utilitarian goods Luxuries according to researchers are consumed primarily to satisfy hedonic pleasure contrary to necessities which are consumed for the purposes of providing utilitarian goals. Hedonic goods provide consumers with multisensory dimensions such a s fun, pleasure as well as excitement. On the other hand, utilitarian goods are considered instrumental making their purchase motivated by product’s functional aspects. These include products such as Kitchen appliances, personal computers and home security systems. Hedonic and utilitarian consumption are considered discretionary hence their differences based on degree and consumer’s perception. ... Purposes which an item serves, either for usage or consumption is central in determining whether the item is primarily hedonic or utilitarian. For instance purchasing a cell phone for emergency purposes qualifies it to be called utilitarian product, and is contrary when the same cell phone is purchased for pleasure of chatting with friends. Purchasing the cell phone for pleasure makes it a hedonic product. At the same time goods consumed for hedonic purposes are majorly inclined towards affecting the rich than those consumed for utilitarian purposes. The various distinctions have important implications on the way consumers make decisions based on particular context. The various distinctions as applied do not give any implications of good or bad, however consumer’s choice between the groups is majorly based on whether justification can be drawn from preference for items otherwise referred to as hedonic. The need for justification can either be increased or decreased depending o n response modes. There are various examples where evaluation on preferences gives reversible results depending on whether evaluation process takes separate or joint process. According to Okada (2005), customers frequently visiting restaurants preferred hedonic desert in situations where only single kind of desert was offered. However, in cases where there was variety, customers preferred more utilitarian dessert. Nature of choices made in such instances was based on the kind of difficulty encountered in justifying a hedonic option. Discretionary nature of various hedonic items increases chances of customers making a choice to purchase it. There is difficulty involved in making choices between utilitarian and hedonic goods since hedonic products appear more

The Effect of the Paywall Strategy on News Corp Company Essay

The Effect of the Paywall Strategy on News Corp Company - Essay Example The newspaper industry earns the majority of its revenue through advertising from other companies who pay to depend upon the number of circulations. The advent of internet gave rise to electronic news where advertisers pay depending upon the page views. The paywall strategy implemented by News Corp by putting WSJ, The Times and The Sunday Times behind the strategy has resulted in a downfall in the number of monthly page views. However it is pertinent to mention here that availability of free content online and decline in the circulation of newspaper prompted the management to put online content behind paywall so that it may increase the newspaper circulation and at the same time generate revenue from subscriptions (Salmon, 2010). The objective behind the paywall strategy is to identify the customer and their wants and interests more clearly and build direct customer wherever possible. It further makes it clear that advertising alone will not bear the operational costs of print news a s successful newspaper of the future will charge for their content (News Corp, Annual Report, 2009). The strategy worked for Wall Street Journal as it provided editorial content, analysis and expert articles on topics which attracted certain target groups for subscription (Drury, 2010)2. According to comScore, the readership of Times UK website declined from 4 million unique visitors to 2.4 million, a 62% drop in the readership whereas page views came down by 90% from 41 million views in May 2010 to 4 million in September 2010 (Schonfeld, 2010)3. a) According to first quarter report for the fiscal year 2011, the newspaper businesses achieved an average 13% increase in advertising revenue with gains as compared to quarter in the previous year (News Corp, 2010). As paywall strategy was implemented in early June 2010, the results published in the report reveal positive results with an increase in the revenue, which means that company is making substantial profits through subscriptions. However the drop in the page views will be a big blow to the company as advertisers would not want to invest their money on a place where they could not get more visitors. Though the annual reports show marginal profits in newspaper segment, drop in page views from 21 million to 2.7 million will definitely have an impact on online revenue generation (Salmon, 2010).